As per “Research & Development Statistics 2025-26” report of Department of Science and Technology (DST), the gross expenditure on research and development (GERD) in the country has shown increasing trend. The details of such expenditure and its percentage share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), year-wise are as follows:

Year	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
GERD (in Rupees Crore)	132,567.01	127,380.96	194,810.83	213,378.12	244,767.81
GERD as         a percentage of GDP (%)	0.66	0.64	0.83	0.82	0.84

The share of the government and private sector in the total research and development (R&D) expenditure during the said period is as under:

(in percentage)

Share  in         total     R&D Expenditure (%)	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Government Sector	66.2	63.6	54.5	52.0	48.2
Private Sector	33.8	36.4	45.5	48.0	51.8
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Government Sector include R&D expenditure by Central Government Ministries/Department Institutions + State Government S&T institutions/ State Agricultural Universities + Public Sector/joint sector Industries + Public Higher Education Institutions.

Private Sector include R&D expenditure by Private Sector Industries + Scientific and Industrial Research Organizations (SIROs) + Private Higher Education Institutions.

Further, the share of higher education institutions and public sector enterprises in the total research and development expenditure during the said period is as under:

(in percentage)

Share  in         total     R&D Expenditure (%)	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Higher Education Institutions	7.5	8.8	12.4	12.9	12.6
Public  Sector Enterprises	3.9	4.4	4.3	4.1	4.1

The Government maintains data on Central R&D expenditure through Research and Development Statistics reports brought out by the DST. The department maintain R&D expenditure data sector-wise rather than state-wise. Sector wise R&D Expenditure during last five years is as under:

(Rs. Crore)

Sector	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24
Central Sector	69317.09	61281.48	79355.80	81183.38	85711.50
State Sector	8554.79	8476.35	8394.24	9193.28	9796.10
Private Sector	44753.54	46388.13	82974.99	95422.17	118351.68
Higher Education Sector	9941.59	11235.00	24085.80	27579.29	30908.53
Total	132,567.01	127,380.96	194,810.83	213,378.12	244,767.81

Central Sector data includes Research and Development (R&D) expenditure of Central Government R&D Labs/ Institutes and Central Public Sector Enterprises/ Joint Sector companies.

State Sector includes R&D expenditure of State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) and State Government R&D labs/institutions.

Private Sector data includes in-house Private Sector R&D units and Scientific and Industrial Research Organisations (SIROs). SIROs are research-oriented entities recognized by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, GoI.

Higher Education Sector data includes R&D expenditure by Public and Private Sector Higher Education Institutes.

The Government has taken several steps to increase Research and Development (R&D) expenditure as a share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and to enhance private sector participation in research and innovation. These include:

Progressive increase in budget allocations for scientific departments and research-oriented programmes.

Launch of ₹1.0 lakh crore Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) Fund to support private-sector-led, high-risk and strategic research. This transformative initiative aims to catalyze private sector participation and investment in high-impact R&D.

Establishment of the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) with a budgetary provision of Rs. 14,000 crore from Central Government and mobilizing additional funding from non-governmental sources.

Launch of National Missions such as National Quantum Missions (budget outlay: Rs. 6,003.65 crore), National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (budget outlay Rs. 3,660 crore), India Semiconductor Mission (budget outlay Rs. 76,000 crore), National Supercomputing Mission, etc.

Promotion of Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) and creation of Technology Hubs under National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical Systems and National Quantum Mission to foster collaborative technology development.

Implementation of Technology-led innovation programmes such as: National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations (NIDHI), Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) programmes, Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) and TIDE 2.0 (Technology Incubation and Development of Entrepreneurs) to strengthen India’s innovation-to-manufacturing pipeline by supporting indigenous technology development, prototyping, scale-up, and industry linkages, thereby reducing dependence on imported technologies.

Introduction of enabling policy frameworks such as: Geospatial Policy 2022, Space Policy 2023, and BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment) Policy 2024 with the provisions for increased participation from private sector.

These initiatives collectively aim to strengthen India’s R&D capabilities, enhance collaboration between academia, industry, and government, and create the conditions for sustained increases in national R&D expenditure over time.

This information was given by Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science & Technology; Earth Sciences and Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office, Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Atomic Energy and Space, Dr. Jitendra Singh, in a written reply in the Lok Sabha today.

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