As
per the Sample Registration System (SRS), Registrar General of India (RGI-SRS),
Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) has shown a decline from 212 per 100,000 live
births in the period 2007-09 to 178 per 100,000 live births in the period 2010-
12 and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) has declined from 47 per 1000 live births in
the year 2010 to 42 per 1000 live births in 2012.
The RGI-SRS provides MMR for the country
and major states at 3-year intervals. The latest data on MMR for 2007-09 and
2010-12 is given in table below:-
|
SRS
|
2007-09
|
2010-12
|
|
MMR
|
212
|
178
|
The
latest data on IMR for the years 2010, 2011 and 2012 is given in table below:-
|
|
SRS, 2010
|
SRS, 2011
|
SRS, 2012
|
|
IMR
|
47
|
44
|
42
|
The State /UTs-wise MMR for 2007-09
& 2010-12 and IMR for last 3 years are given in table below respectively:-
Infant
Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births)
(Source: RGI (SRS) 2010, 2011, 2012)
|
S.N.
|
State /UT
|
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) per 1000
live births
|
|
|
SRS, 2010
|
SRS, 2011
|
SRS, 2012
|
|
India
|
47
|
44
|
42
|
|
1
|
Bihar
|
48
|
44
|
43
|
|
2
|
Chhattisgarh
|
51
|
48
|
47
|
|
3
|
Himachal Pradesh
|
40
|
38
|
36
|
|
4
|
Jammu & Kashmir
|
43
|
41
|
39
|
|
5
|
Jharkhand
|
42
|
39
|
38
|
|
6
|
Madhya Pradesh
|
62
|
59
|
56
|
|
7
|
Odisha
|
61
|
57
|
53
|
|
8
|
Rajasthan
|
55
|
52
|
49
|
|
9
|
Uttar Pradesh
|
61
|
57
|
53
|
|
10
|
Uttarakhand
|
38
|
36
|
34
|
|
11
|
Arunachal Pradesh
|
31
|
32
|
33
|
|
12
|
Assam
|
58
|
55
|
55
|
|
13
|
Manipur
|
14
|
11
|
10
|
|
14
|
Meghalaya
|
55
|
52
|
49
|
|
15
|
Mizoram
|
37
|
34
|
35
|
|
16
|
Nagaland
|
23
|
21
|
18
|
|
17
|
Sikkim
|
30
|
26
|
24
|
|
18
|
Tripura
|
27
|
29
|
28
|
|
19
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
46
|
43
|
41
|
|
20
|
Goa
|
10
|
11
|
10
|
|
21
|
Gujarat
|
44
|
41
|
38
|
|
22
|
Haryana
|
48
|
44
|
42
|
|
23
|
Karnataka
|
38
|
35
|
32
|
|
24
|
Kerala
|
13
|
12
|
12
|
|
25
|
Maharashtra
|
28
|
25
|
25
|
|
26
|
Punjab
|
34
|
30
|
28
|
|
27
|
Tamil Nadu
|
24
|
22
|
21
|
|
28
|
West Bengal
|
31
|
32
|
32
|
|
29
|
A & N Islands
|
25
|
23
|
24
|
|
30
|
Chandigarh
|
22
|
20
|
20
|
|
31
|
D & N Haveli
|
38
|
35
|
33
|
|
32
|
Daman & Diu
|
23
|
22
|
22
|
|
33
|
Delhi
|
30
|
28
|
25
|
|
34
|
Lakshadweep
|
25
|
24
|
24
|
|
35
|
Pondicherry
|
22
|
19
|
17
|
Maternal Mortality Ratio: India and State wise
(Source: RGI (SRS) 2007-09, 2010-12)
Major State
|
MMR(SRS)
(2007-09)
|
MMR(SRS)
(2010-12)
|
|
India Total *
|
212
|
178
|
|
Assam
|
390
|
328
|
|
Bihar
|
261
|
219
|
|
Jharkhand
|
261
|
219
|
|
MP
|
269
|
230
|
|
Chhattisgarh
|
269
|
230
|
|
Orissa
|
258
|
235
|
|
Rajasthan
|
318
|
255
|
|
Uttar
Pradesh
|
359
|
292
|
|
Uttaranchal
|
359
|
292
|
|
Andhra
Pradesh
|
134
|
110
|
|
Karnataka
|
178
|
144
|
|
Kerala
|
81
|
66
|
|
Tamil
Nadu
|
97
|
90
|
|
Gujarat
|
148
|
122
|
|
Haryana
|
153
|
146
|
|
Maharashtra
|
104
|
87
|
|
Punjab
|
172
|
155
|
|
West
Bengal
|
145
|
117
|
|
*Others
|
160
|
136
|
*: Includes
Others
As per the RGI-SRS report titled “Maternal Mortality in India: 1997-2003
trends, causes and risk factors”, major causes of maternal deaths in the
country are haemorrhage (38%), sepsis (11%), hypertensive disorders (5%),
obstructed labour (5%), abortion (8%) and other Conditions (34%) , which
includes anaemia.
Maternal Mortality is also influenced by other determinants which include low literacy, lack of spacing between births,
early age at marriage & child bearing, high parity, cultural
misconceptions, economic dependency of women etc.
The main
reasons for Infant Mortality in India as per the Registrar General of India
(2001-03) are perinatal conditions (46%), respiratory infections (22%),
diarrhoeal diseases (10%), other infectious and parasitic diseases (8%) and
congenital anomalies (3.1%).
Under
the National Health Mission (NHM), the key steps taken by the Government of
India to accelerate the pace of decline in maternal & infant mortality are:
• Demand promotion through Janani Suraksha
Yojana (JSY), a conditional cash transfer scheme to promote institutional
deliveries
• Providing resources for
operationalization of sub-centers, Primary Health Centers, Community Health
Centers and District Hospitals for providing 24x7 basic and comprehensive
obstetric care, neonatal, infant and child care services
• Strengthening of Facility based newborn
care by setting up Newborn care corners (NBCC) in all health facilities where
deliveries take place; Special New Born Care Units (SNCUs) at District
Hospitals and New Born Stabilization Units (NBSUs) at First Referral Units for
the care of sick newborn.
• Capacity building of health care
providers through training programmes in basic and comprehensive obstetric
care, skilled attendance at birth, Integrated Management of Neo-natal and
Childhood Illness (IMNCI) and Navjaat Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (NSSK),
facility & home based newborn care, etc.
• Name Based web enabled tracking of
pregnant women & children to ensure optimal antenatal, intranatal and
postnatal care to pregnant women and care to new-borns, infants and children.
• Under the National Iron+ Initiative,
Iron and Folic Acid supplementation to pregnant, lactating women and to
children and adolescents for prevention and treatment of anaemia
• Identifying the severely anaemic cases
in pregnant women and children at sub centres and PHCs for their timely
management
• To tackle the problem of anaemia due to
malaria particularly in pregnant women and children, Long Lasting Insecticide
Nets (LLINs) and Insecticide Treated Bed Nets (ITBNs) are being distributed in
endemic areas.
• Exclusive breastfeeding for first six
months and promotion of appropriate infant and young child feeding practices
• Engagement of more than 8.8 lakhs
Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) to generate demand and facilitate
accessing of health care services by the community.
• Home Based Newborn Care (HBNC) has been
initiated through ASHA to improve new born care practices at the community
level and for early detection and referral of sick new born babies.
• Village Health and Nutrition Days in
rural areas as an outreach activity, for provision of maternal and child health
services and creating awareness on maternal and child care including health and
nutrition education.
• Universal Immunization Program (UIP)
against seven diseases for all children.
·
Vitamin
A supplementation for children aged 6 months to 5 years.
·
Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram
(JSSK) has been launched in 2011, which entitles all pregnant women delivering
in public health institutions to absolutely free and no expense delivery including
Caesarean section. The initiative
stipulates free drugs, diagnostics, blood and diet, besides free transport from
home to institution, between facilities in case of a referral and drop back
home. Similar entitlements are available for sick newborns and infants
accessing public health institutions for treatment.
·
To sharpen the focus on vulnerable and
marginalized populations in underserved areas, 184 High Priority Districts have
been identified for implementation of Reproductive Maternal Newborn Child
Health+ Adolescent (RMNCH+A) interventions for achieving improved maternal and
child health outcomes.
The
State / UT-wise allocation of funds and their utilization under Maternal &
Child Health Programme during last 3 years is given in
table below:-
Click
Here to See Table
This
was stated by Shri Ghulam Nabi Azad, Union Minister for Health and Family
Welfare in a written reply to the Rajya Sabha today.
*********
MV/GM/BK