If in Delhi the rebellion spread like wild fire, then in other places  such as Muzzafarnagar, Saharanpur, Allahabad, Kanpur, Barelli, Banaras, Bihar and Jhansi it irrupted like a volcano.  In rural areas, the spread was the fastest and fiercest where the peasantry   came out in large numbers against the oppressive revenue system introduced by the Company Lords. Peasants rebellion in India have been traditionally tax rebellion.  Gujjars were the worst rebels through out  the rebellion.  Between the rivers  Jamuna and Ganga,  away from the GT Road, at Dadri, Sarsawa, Deoband, Bijnour, Moradabad and Rohilkhand, Gujjar turbulence was so intense that it seemed the company’s rule has ended.  According to one estimate more than a million Gujjars participated in the revolt. A regular system of correspondence existed between the Gujjars living in  different parts of the country. The participation of these pastoral and nomadic communities made the rebellion a truly people’s revolt.  The Rangars and the Rajput communities were out to prove that the Rajput valour is not a thing of the past. The Britishers forgot rather conveniently that the Kisan (peasant and cultivator) of the peace time in India becomes a Jawan (solider) in war time. Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan had been a traditional Indian slogan.

            An extra ordinary fact stands out in the midst of the story of the great rebellions and that is even the main rebel leaders regarded the Mughal Emperor as their Badshah (King). Even those areas where the rebels established their authority they ruled in the name of the Mughal King.  Rao Tula Ram of Rewari established his own government but collected the revenue in the name of the Delhi King.  Nana Saheb declared himself a Peshwa at Kanpur but under the Mughal authority. The coins were struck in the name of the Emperor and the orders were issued in the name of the Delhi Badshah. The date on the coins were both in Hijri and Samvat as was the custom in the Mughal Court.  Nana Saheb was a brave solider but his daughter Maina who was burnt alive at Bithoor was equally brave.  People forgot their differences, communities set aside, their traditional rivalries the whole country faced their enemy as a united community.

Udmi Ram of Libaspur, Delhi

Abdul Samad of Badli-ki-Serai

            Libaspur is a Delhi village on way to Narela off bypass Karnal. The Britishers had established a camp at Sonepat. Each time they passed they saw the handsome youth, a village Jat named Udmi Ram who had formed a group of strong-bodied Delhi Jats to catch hold of the passing English soldier and to finish him off at an isolated spot where there is a ‘Shani mandir’ today. One day Udmi Ram spotted out a cart carrying an English family. He asked the man to come out, took him to a lonely spot and finished him. As for the English woman he asked a Brahamin lady to look after her in a neighbouring village where she spent some good days among Indian women. But when the scales turned around and the British recaptured Delhi they surrounded Libaspur. Udmi Ram collected his men and fought with rural weapons such as spears, choppers and axes but was defeated. Arrested he was brought to British camp at Rai, tied to a peepal tree for 35 days without water or food till he died a martyr. Similarly Seth Ramjidas Gurwala of Chandni Chowk who financed the rebel movement at Delhi and its environ was executed before his own shop where he sold ‘Gur’ (Brown sugar candy). Abdul Samad Khan, father-in-law of the Nawab of Jhajjar fought with the British but lost at Badli-ki-Serai. He met a hero’s death.

Punjab-Massacre at Ajnala

            Punjab was a problem state. Annexed only in 1849, the Lawrence administration fully exploited the old rivalry between the Punjabi and the Poorbia. Yet there was  a rising at Sialkot, at Jhelum, Peshawar, Nowshera and Multan where Ahmed Khan of Khurral tribe revolted. He was joined by other war-like tribes and for several days all communications between Multan and Labore were interrupted. They defeated the British in a number of skirmishes, but Lawerence sent a huge force and Ahmed Khan died in the battle, a hero’s death. Another leader Mir Bahawal Fatwana emerged but he too died in the battle. The worst in Punjab took place at Ajnala near Amritsar where the dis-armed army revolted at Mian Mir. The rebellion was crushed with an iron hand. Rope being in short supply there, three hundred in all, were shot dead. Fredrick Cooper who styled himself as ‘Hero of Ajnala’ boasted that his men had not wasted a single bullet, a la Dyer statement at Jallianwala Bagh. The tragedy of Black Hole was re-enacted, the number of mutineers who died of suffocation was not recorded.

Amazons of Lucknow

            Under the able leadership of Begum Hazrat Mahal the  women of Lucknow played a heroic role. For full eight months the women rebels of Lucknow held the Compnay’s forces to ransom. Sir Gordon Alexander noted that among the slain at Sikandrabad there were a few Amazon Negresses. Who had  fought like wild cats. There was a woman who, perched on a large peepal tree shot a number of British soldiers and was shot in return. The names of these brave women will never be known but what they did will never be forgotton. Lucknow was captured but never subdued, broken but it did not bend.

Women’s Regiment at Jhansi

            There was also a women’s regiment at Jhansi where Virangani Jhalkari played a role that won her a permanent place in the history of Jhansi.. When the fortunes of Jhansi were at a low ebb and the British soldiers were firing from below the fort, Rani of Jhansi decided to leave the fort, Jhalkari, originally a peasant women but now a soldier offered to disguise herself as the Rani, took a small unit of soldiers and left from the front door while the real Rani left from the rear door. Jhalkari was recognized by a traitor but before dying she had killed a number of British soldiers. Before her martyrdom she shouted : ‘Jai Bhawani’.

Three Lions from Bihar

            Kunwar Singh and Amar Singh of Jagdishpur and Pir Ali of Patna are the three lions who taught such  a lesson to the British that they were scared of them. In addition the Wahabis were a great threat to the English forces. When the captured Pir Ali was asked by the Commissioner Mr. Taylor whether he had any information to give which might induce the Government to spare his life, ‘with dignified composure such as our own people did not maintain’, writes Taylor, ‘in exciting circumstances, he confronted the questioner and replied: ‘There are some cases in which it is good to save life, others in which it is better to lose’.

            The Jagdishpur brothers were of a different mould. They literally fought like lions and called the British regiment a herd of sheep. When the Indian soldiers revolted at Dinapur on 25^th July, 1857 Kunwar Singh seized the opportunity and made the whole regiment his prisoner, till 23^rd August. In his anti-English expeditions in UP and MP he was accompanied by his brave Muslim wife Dharman Bibi. The British forces chased him perpetually. While crossing the Ganga he was severely injured. He cut off his right arm and offered it as his sacrifice to the Mother Ganga. He was arrested in December 1859 and died in jail in 1860. The King of Avadh honoured  him with a Robe of Honour.

            After his death the struggle was carried on his brother Amar Singh, his nephew Ritbhanjan Singh, his Tehsildar Harkishen Singh and his friend Nishan Singh. Mention must be made of Dilwar Singh and Srnam Singh. According to Dr. S.C. Sen in his book ‘1857’, the Rajputs of Shahabad were out to prove that the Rajput valour was not a thing of the past’. Individually every rebel was defeated but they were victors at last.

Shaheedon ki Chitaon par lage gay har baras meley Watan par mitne walon ka yahi Quami nishan hoga (Fairs will be held on the pyres of the martyrs That will be the only national symbol they leave behind.)

India’s First War of Independence threw many times more brave men and women than the combined strength of heroes in the French Revolution and the American War of Independence, tens of thousands of heroes, known and unknown and lesser known, the countless martyrs who did India proud.

*Freelance Writer

Disclaimer: The views expressed by the author in this feature are entirely his own and not necessarily reflect the views of PIB.