The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), Ministry of
Statistics and Programme Implementation has released the key indicators of drinking
water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition in India, generated from the
data collected in its 69th round survey during July 2012 to December
2012. Some of these subjects were
covered in 65th round of NSS (July 2008- June 2009).
Housing is
a basic necessity of human well-being. Along with the need for a shelter, other
facilities in the micro-environment of housing, e.g. type of dwelling unit,
drinking water, sanitation, hygiene, etc., constitute vital components of
overall quality of life of the population. The objective of the NSS 69th
round survey on ‘Drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition’ was
to collect information on the different aspects of living conditions of Indian
population necessary for decent and healthy living, and also to develop
suitable indicators to assess the situation. On drinking water, information
collected in the survey included (i) sources and sufficiency of drinking water,
(ii) distance to the source of drinking water and (iii) quality of drinking
water. On the sanitation facilities, several pertinent information viz. (i) availability
of bathroom (ii) availability of latrine and its type, etc. were collected.
Some information on micro-environment surrounding the dwelling unit, e.g. garbage
disposal, drainage arrangement, and problem of flies/mosquitoes, availability
of electricity were also collected. Other relevant information on housing
condition covered age of the house, condition of the house, type of the
dwelling unit, floor area of the dwelling unit, etc.
The
survey covered the whole of the Indian Union. The key results of the survey are
based on the central sample consisting of 4,475 villages in rural areas and 3,522
urban blocks spread over all States and Union Territories. The total number of households
surveyed was 95,548 (53,393 in rural areas and 42,155
in urban areas).
Some
salient findings of the survey regarding drinking water, sanitation, hygiene
and housing condition in India during 2012 are as follows:
·
About 88.5 percent households in rural India had
improved source of drinking water while the corresponding figure was 95.3
percent in urban India. (Annex-I)
·
Among rural
households, 85.8 percent had sufficient drinking water and for urban India the corresponding
figure was 89.6 percent. (Annex-I)
·
Percentage of households who got drinking
water facilities within premises was 46.1 percent in rural India and 76.8
percent in urban India.
·
About 62.3 percent of rural households and 16.7 percent of urban
households did not have any bathroom facility. (Annex-II)
·
59.4 percent and 8.8
percent households in rural India and urban India respectively had no latrine
facilities. (Annex-II)
·
Among the households having latrine
facilities, 31.9 percent and
63.9 percent households in rural India and urban India respectively had access
to its exclusive use.
·
About 38.8 percent and 89.6 percent households in rural and
urban India respectively had access to ‘improved’ type of latrine.
·
80.0 percent of rural
households and 97.9 percent of urban households had electricity for domestic
use. (Annex-II)
·
94.2 percent households
in rural India had secured tenure in their dwelling. In urban India, the corresponding figure was 71.3 percent.
·
65.8 percent of rural
households and 93.6 percent of urban households lived in a house with pucca
structure whereas 24.6 percent of rural households and 5.0 percent of urban households
lived in a house with semi-pucca structure during 2012.
·
Only 26.3 percent and 47.1 percent households in
rural India and urban India respectively had dwelling units with ‘good
ventilation’.
·
31.7 percent of rural households and 82.5 percent
of urban households had ‘improved drainage’ facility in the environment of
their dwelling units. (Annex-III)
·
In rural India 32.0 percent households had some
garbage disposal arrangement, whereas in urban areas the corresponding figure
was 75.8 percent. (Annex-III)
·
Only 10.8 percent of
urban dwelling units were situated in slum.
·
Among the households
living in slums/squatter settlements, percentage of households who tried to
move out of slums/squatter settlements were 8.5 percent, 4.9 percent and 6.9
percent in case of notified slums, non-notified slums and squatter settlements
respectively.
·
At all-India level,
70.8 percent of households had cited ‘better accommodation’ as the main reason
for which they thought to move out of the slum/squatter settlement whereas 11.7
percent households had identified ‘proximity to place of work’ as the main
reason.
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